ADVANCE HUMAN FACTOR CONCEPT (CPL-IR) JEPPESEN BOOK REVIEW

 ADVANCE HUMAN FACTOR CONCEPT

Human Factor, Focused on 2 principles=    - SRM/CRM 

                                                                     - Aviation Physiology

SRM/CRM =  (Single Resource Management/ Crew Resource Management) > The Art & Science of using all available resources (Internal and external) ex., automation, ground crew, ATC, etc.

Aviation Physiology = Our body's capabilities and limitations to adapt or react to different phases of flight and condition.

Even with many technologies and automation that are installed in the aircraft, Incidents and accidents still can happen. In fact, 75% of all aviation accidents and incidents are Human Factor related.

SRM (SINGLE PILOT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT)

applying SRM means using all factors (Internal and External Resources) ex., Automation, Hardware, Ground Crew, Dispatcher, ATC. 

6 Concept of SRM =    - Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)

                                     - Risk Management

                                     - Task Management

                                     - Situational Awareness

                                     - CFIT (Controlled Flight Into Terrain) Awareness

                                     - Automation Management

ADM (Aeronautical Decision Making)

ADM (Aeronautical Decision Making) is, Mental process used by many Pilots to determine the right course of action in response to a given condition or circumstances.

ADM PROCESS (1)

ADM Process, helps you to make effective decisions as PIC (Pilot In Command) :

- Recognize that change has occurred.

- Define the problem.

- Choose the right course of action.

- Implement the course of action.

- Evaluate the outcome of the action.

ADM Process according to FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) :

- Detect that change has occurred.

- Examine/ Estimate the need to take action.

- Choose the desirable outcome.

- Identify the right course of action to achieve the desirable outcome.

- Do the right course of action.

- Evaluate the outcome/ effect.

SELF ASSESSMENT (IMSAFE Checklist) (2)

As a Pilot, we must check our self/ our fitness to fly. Using the IMSAFE Checklist will help you identify whether you are fit to fly or no.

-Illness, Do i have any symptoms?

-Medication, Have i been taking drugs?

-Stress, Am i under stress that makes me unfit?

-Alcohol, Am i under alcohol influence? (within 8-24 hours before flight)

-Fatigue, Am i tired?

-Eating, Do i have enough nutrition?

-Emotion, Have i experienced something upsetting?

HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES (2)

Your fitness to fly does not only determine by your physical condition but also your attitude. These are the 5 types of attitudes you must avoid to obtain a safe and enjoyable flight.

- Invulnerability, You think that an accident won't happen to you. You must think that accident can happen to me, therefore I must be careful.

- Resignation, You think that if you perform badly that day, it's your bad luck or someone else fault, But if you perform well, you think it's just good luck. You must think that I'm capable of doing things and making a difference.

- Macho, You think that you can do anything (to show that you're the best), that can lead you to accidents. You must think that taking a chance is a foolish and can lead me to danger.

- Impulsivity, You tend to do things quickly without considering the best solution to the problem. You must do things slowly and in order, do not rush. not so fast, think first.

- Anti-Authority, You don't like to be told what to do. You must follow the rules, they're usually right.

SELF CRITIQUES (4)

In addition to assessing your condition, you need to evaluate yourself (self-critiques) after each flight. The Purpose of self-critiques is to make you aware of your mistake from previous flight and to make it better on the next and every flight.

RISK MANAGEMENT

During each flight, you are required to make decisions that involve your fundamental risk element. there are 2 tools to help you identify and decide on risk management, they are 5P's and PAVE.

PAVE :

- Pilot, Evaluate your self.

- Aircraft, Determine the fitness of the aircraft (Airworthiness)

- EnVironment, Assess item such as airport condition, terrain, airspace.

- External Factors/ Pressures, Evaluate the purpose of the flight and how it is to maintain on schedule.

5P's :

- Pilot, Evaluate your training, skills, experience.

- Passengers, Consider your passenger's experience and fitness.

- Plane, Consider your aircraft's airworthiness, performance, configuration.

- Programming, Check your avionic and autopilot airworthiness and performance.

- Plan, Check your flight plan before each flight and after each flight. Think about the terrain, obstacle, weather.

Use the PAVE and the 5P's to determine whether it's go or no go decision. Not only before flight, but also during flight and before approach and landing.

TASK MANAGEMENT

Planning and prioritizing the task to avoid work overload. Using all resources to accomplish task and managing distraction.

PLANNING & PRIORITIZING (1)

When you make a flight plan, you should now what you will do in flight. By planning and prioritizing task, you can reduce your workload. 

Task like monitoring charts, prepare next frequencies, and planning to approach helps you prepare what comes next.

Know which task you can Accomplish ahead and which one don't.

USING ALL RESOURCES (2)

Recognize all the resources you have in flight to help you make an effective decision.

there are 2 types of resources :    - External Resources

                                                     - Internal Resources

External Resources Included : 

- ATC

- Flight Service Briefers

- Technicians

Internal Resources Included : 

- Autopilot

- Other Pilots

- Passengers

- Cabin crew

- POH, Airport Charts, Checklist

CHECKLIST (3)

The checklist helps you manage distraction as you perform procedure

Type of checklist : 

- Do-List, for Abnormal procedure. (Read and do Manner).

- Flow Patterns,  for normal operations (Memory item).

- Emergency Checklist, perform criticial task by memory and then refer to the checklist to manage specific emergency (QRH).

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

You had to have an accurate perception of all the operational and environmental factors that affect flight safety either if it's before, during, after flights, and you should be able to assess what comes next (the future status of your flights).

For example, you have to be aware of your (Position, altitude, speed, fuel, passengers, weather).

To help you increase your situational awareness, use all the checklist such as the 5P's, PAVE, IMSAFE, and all stuff we learn before.

Other than that, Briefings helps you build your situational awareness also.

BRIEFINGS (1)

This is an effective tools to helps you maintain situational awareness by preparing you for any critical phases of flights.

FAA recommended to use the SAFETY checklist to helps you make a safe flights :

- Safety Belts, Brief your colleague and passengers how to fasten and unfasten your seat belts

- Air Vents, Know the locations and the operations.

- Fire Extinguisher, know the location to prevent any fire.

- Egress and emergency, know how to operate the emergency doors, know the locations of the aid kit.

- Traffic and talking, aware of the traffic around you.

- Your questions, take all your passengers' questions and try to calm them.

Take-off briefing > helps you to prevent critical phase become chaos (enable you to rehearse what about to happen after takeoff) ex., wind, runway in use, heading, altitude, departure procedure (SID).

Before landing briefing > Normally execute 15-20 miles before landing. ex., STAR, runway in use, terrain and obstacle, airport elevation, traffic pattern.

OBSTACLE TO MAINTAIN SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (2)

These are examples that can ruin your situational awareness :

- Stress

- Fatigue

- Workload

Complacency (Rasa mudah puas diri) is another example of obstacle to maintain situational awareness. over dependent to automation also lead to loss of situational awareness. 

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS DURING GROUND OPERATIONS (3)

Before you begin to move the aircraft from the gate, listen to ATC instructions on which taxiway you should follow and etc. This helps you to reduce workload and maintain situational awareness.

CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN AWARENESS

CFIT (Controlled Flight Into Terrain) is when your aircraft is crashed into terrain without any awareness from the pilot (you think that you fly your aircraft normally but because of your loss of awareness of your surrounding, you crashed into whatever that's in front of you).

Normally CFIT happens because of unfamiliar of the area, bad weather, non standard procedure, loss of situational awareness. 

To helps you prevent CFIT you must :

- Plan your flight.

- Use current charts.

- Monitor terrain.

- Determine your aircraft performance.

AUTOMATION MANAGEMENT 

Using automation can helps you reduce your workload. However, if you unfamiliar with the automation management it will increase your workload.

Automation typically installed in aircraft the have advance avionic system including digital displays, GPS, integrated Autopilot.

MANAGING WORKLOAD (1)

The use of automation can reduce your workload and maintain situational awareness. This can helps you free your attention during critical phases of flight and let you do a Checklist in emergency situation more effectively.

However, to make the automation reduce your workload, you must understand how to operate and how the automation works. if you cannot understand how the automation works, it tends to distract you and increase your workload.

MODE OF OPERATION (2)

You must understand the meaning of your system annunciators and recognize when the automation operate strangely of different than you expect.

AUTOMATION CONSIDERATION (3)

Rely too much on Automation, can lead to complacency (Rasa puas diri) and loss of situational awareness. Monitor aircraft display and use charts to confirm.

Always recognize when automation increasing your workload.

AVIATION PHYSIOLOGY

Aviation physiology > Is a study to understand our body's capabilities and limitations to certain phases of flight, condition, and maneuver.

Sickness and condition that mostly happens :

- Pressure effect.

- Disorientation.

- Motion Sickness.

- Hypoxia.

- (DCS) Decompression Sickness.

- Hyper-Ventilation.

- Stress.

- Fatigue.

- Alcohol and drugs.

PRESSURE EFFECT

As the aircraft climbs or descent, ATM pressure (Atmospheric pressure) changes can affect your body.

Example of sickness caused by pressure effect :

- Ear, sinus & block

- Toothache

- Gastrointestinal Pain

- Scuba Diving

EAR, SINUS & BLOCK (1)

Ear pain > Result of pressure difference in the middle air and outside air pressure (Ear canal)

If the, Middle ear pressure = Ear canal pressure > NO PAIN

As the aircraft climbs, Pressure in auditory canal decrease, Pressure in middle ear will be bigger, Eusthacian tube will open and equalize the pressure. 

 If Eustachian tube doesn't open you will feel : - Fullness.

                                                                            - Slight hearing loss.

                                                                            - Discomfort.

When aircraft descent, Pressure in the auditory canal will increase and become higher than pressure in the middle ear.

*Eustachian tube open more easily to let pressure out than it does to let pressure back in the middle ear. That's why we feel discomfort while aircraft is descending.

Anti dote to this problem : - Slow descent rate > Reduce severity.

                                           - Yawning.

                                           - Chewing.

                                           - Valsalva Maneuver > Holding back nose and mouth and exhale forcibly.

                                           - Nose drops

                                           - Nasal sprays

Valsalva Maneuver : Forces air up to the Eustachian tube into the middle air.

if you have : - Sore throat 

                     - Ear infection 

                     - Cold...., You may not have been able to equalize the pressure.

TOOTHACHE (2)

This happens because of expansion of air pressure in the imperfect feeling of damage theeth, damage root canal. 

Anti dote : Fly at lower altitude.

GASTROINTESTINAL PAIN (3)

(Gastrointestinal track contain 1 quartz of gas) > Most of the gas comes from food you eat and result from digestion process.

As altitude increase, this gas expands and trap in your digestion track causing pain.

Anti dote : - Maintain good eating habit

                  - Avoid eating food that contain a lot of gas / Produce a lot of gas. ex., Beans, Dairy product.

SCUBA DIVING (4)

Reduction of ATM pressure can cause "Decompression Sickness" > Refer as The Bends.

Occur when Nitrogen is absorb to our blood stream and forms a bubble.

It's important to give body a time to get rid of the Nitrogen :

> If you want to take flight above 8000 ft, You have to wait 24 hours.

> If you want to take flight at or below 8000 ft, Wait 24 hours for Decompression Stop Scuba Dive (More than 30 meter / 98 ft).

> If you want to take flight at or below 8000 ft, Wait 12 hours for Non-Decompression Stop Scuba Dive (30 meter or above).

DISORIENTATION

Happens when your brain receives different information than your sense.

You sense your body position in relation to your environment using input from 3 primary sources :

- Vision.

- Vestibular system (Located in inner ear) > Function to detect position and movement of our head in space (Bayangin aja kayak prinsip gyroscopic).

- Kinesthetic sense > awareness of position obtained from the nerve in your skin, joints, and muscle.

At day, when there's enough visual references, you obtain your orientation primarily through your vision. However at night or when there's no visual references, you obtain your orientation through vestibular and kinesthetic senses to supplement your vision.

Alcohol, Fatigue, Heavy workloads can increase your chance to disorientation and visual illusions.

Common symptoms of disorientation :

- Lightheadedness.

- Dizziness.

- Instability.

- Sensation of spinning.

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION (1)

Occurs when there's a conflict between the signals relayed by your central vision and information provided by your peripheral vision. (Ex., when you see the aircraft next to you is taxing, you see your stationary aircraft is in motion)

VESTIBULAR DISORIENTATION (2)

Different forces of flight during instrument maneuver can make the vestibular system send misleading signals to brain > resulting vestibular disorientation.

The vestibular system located in your inner ear, consist of :

-Vestibule (Utricle and Saccule organs).

- Three semicircular canal (oriented three planes, each at 90 degrees angle allows to sense yaw, pitch, roll).

Utricle and Saccule organs are responsible for the perception of gravity and linear acceleration.

Gelatinous substance within the utricle and saccule is coated with a layer of tiny grains of limestones called "Otoliths".

Movement of the Vestibule caused the otoliths to move shift and caused hair cells to send out nerve impulse to brain which then lead to interpretation. 

Semicircular canals > oriented in 3 planes, each 90 degrees angle that allows to sense yaw, pitch, roll. Filled with fluid and each has a gelatinous structure called "Cupula".

When body changes position, the canals move but the fluid lags behind, makes the cupula leans away from the movement. Movement of cupula make hair cells to move also and then send nerve to brain which than lead to interpretation about an axis.

Majority of illusion exist when there's no visual reference and visibility is restricted. These are type of illusion you have to avoid :

- Coriolis Illusion, Overwhelming sensation of rotating, turning, or accelerating along entirely different plane. Do not move your head to fast in limited visibilty or darkness.

- Graveyard Spiral, loss of altitude in a prolonged constant rate turn may be interpreted as a wing level descent. This feeling have to be fought until the fulid in your semicircular canal quit moving.

- Leans, Occur when an abrupt recovery or a rapid correction is made to a bank, leading you to feel you move to a different side of the recovery. Maintaining level flight for 1 or 2 minute will stop the leans.

- Somatogravic Illusion, Rapid acceleration can produce the illusion that you are in the high nose attitude (Even though you are in a straight and level flight). Also happen when you retarding the throttle to idle fast, you may think that you are in a dive. Smoothly change your aircraft configuration.

- Inversion Illusion, Rapid recovery from climb to a straight level flight can caused you to lower the nose abruptly. Smoothly change your aircraft configuration.

MOTION SICKNESS (3)

These are the symptoms of motion sickness : (Which is mostly caused by Vestibular disorientation)

- Nausea (Mual)

- Sweating 

- Dizziness

- Vomiting

On visual flight, You can overcome motion sickness by looking far outside on the horizon. But on the IFR flight, it is quite impossible to overcome motion sickness, focus on the instrument since it's only sources of your information.

HYPOXIA

Occurs when tissue in our body does not receive enough oxygen.

Hypoxia can caused by many factors :

- Insufficient supply of oxygen.

- Inadequate transportation of oxygen.

- Inadequate body to circulate oxygen

- Inability of tissue to use oxygen.

Symptoms of Hypoxia are :

- Euphoria.

- headache.

- Increase response time.

- Impaired judgment.

- Drowsiness.

- Dizziness.

- Tingling fingers and nose.

- Numb.

- Blue fingers and lips (Cyanosis).

- Limp Muscles. 

Type of Hypoxia :

- Hypoxic Hypoxia, inadequate supply of oxygen.

- Hypemic Hypoxia, Inability of the blood to carry oxygen.

- Stagnant Hypoxia, Inadequate circulation of oxygen.

- Histotoxic Hypoxia, Inability of the cells to use oxygen.

HYPOXIC HYPOXIA (1)

Occurs when there are not enough molecules of oxygen available at sufficient pressure to pass between the membranes in your respiratory system. 

Hypoxic Hypoxia > Most lethal of all physiological causes of accidents.

When oxygen saturated is 85% percent of lower, your body function start to degrade, becoming worse as altitude increase.

Time of useful consciousness > maximum time you have to make rational, life-saving decision.

- 20.000 ft = 30 minute or more.

- 22.000 ft = 5-10 minute.

- 25.000 ft = 3-5 minute.

- 28.000 ft = 2,5-3 minute.

- 30.000 ft = 1-2 minute.

- 35.000 ft = 30-60 seconds.

- 40.000 ft = 15-20 seconds.

- 45.000 ft = 9-15 seconds.

HYPEMIC HYPOXIA (2)

Occurs when your blood is not able to carry a sufficient amount of oxygen to your body cell's.

Caused by any condition that result in a reduced number of healthy blood cells such as:

- Anemia.

- Disease.

- Deformed blood cells.

Also can caused by:

- Carbon Monoxide poisoning (Because Carbon Monoxide attached 200 times more easily to the hemoglobin than Oxygen) > Indication : Cyanosis (Blue lips and fingernails).

STAGNANT HYPOXIA (3)

Occurs when there's inadequate circulation of Oxygen.

Can be caused by:

- Pulling excessive G-Force (Positive G-Force) > Black Out.

- Cold temperature > Can decrease the blood supply.

HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA (4)

Occurs when the Body cells can't use Oxygen effectively.

Caused by :

- Alcohol.

- Narcotics and drugs.

PREVENTION OF HYPOXIA (4)

We can prevent Hypoxia by maintaining good physical condition, eating a nutritious diet, and avoid Alcohol and drugs. 

If you live in a high-altitude area, your body tend to adapt and increased tolerance to the condition that would lead to hypoxia compared to person that live on low altitude area.

SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN (5)

Review CASR 91 part SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN (*If FAA, FAR 91). Recommended to begin using supplemental oxygen if flying at cabin pressure greater than 10.000 ft MSL (During day). If at night it's recommended to use supplemental oxygen when flying with cabin altitude above 5000 ft (Because of night vision acuity is highly affected by the partial pressure of Oxygen).

FAA state that :

- Above 15.000 ft > Crew and Passengers must use supplemental oxygen if cruising above this level.

- 14.000 ft - 15.000 ft > Crew must use supplemental oxygen while cruising at this altitude.

- 12.5000 ft - 14.000 ft >  Crew use supplemental oxygen after 30 cruising at or above this level.

HIGH ALTITUDE TRAINING (6)

This training consist of high altitude aerodynamics, meteorology, respiration, hypoxia and supplemental oxygen use.

DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS (DCS)

Condition caused by a rapid reduction in the surrounding pressure around the body. When this occurs, Nitrogen and other insert gasses expand and form bubbles that rise out of solution. 

This bubbles cause vairety of symptoms, which range from :

- Pain in the large joints of the body (Elbows, Shoulder, Hips, Wrist, Knees,  Ankles, onto Seizures and Unconsciousness).

It takes time to get rid of excess Nitrogen from our body. Normally range between 12 - 24 hours.

HYPERVENTILATION

Disease or disorder that develops when too much Carbon Dioxide is eliminated from the body. Caused by breathing too rapidly or too deeply.

Without enough Carbon Dioxide, Normal breathing cycle is disturbed.

Symptoms of Hyperventilation :

- Drowsiness.

- Dizziness.

- Shortness of breath.

- Feeling of suffocation.

- Cyanosis.

If you're losing to much Carbon Dioxide, you might be unconscious as the respiratory system overriding mechanism takes control of your breathing. When your in unconscious state, your breathing will be exceeding low until the Carbon Dioxide level in your blood increase enough to stimulate respiration.

Hyperventilation can be triggered by :

- Tension.

- Fear.

- Anxiety.

How to prevent Hyperventilation :

- Slow your breathing rate.

- Breath in a paper bag.

- Talking aloud.

STRESS

Stress is the body's reaction to the physical and psychological demands placed upon it.

Stress can be positive, when under control. ex., When you're in stress you become more aware of what's ahead or what's about to happen, So you become more aware and alert.

When stress builds, it will interfere with your ability to focus and cope with a given situation.

Refer to the IMSAFE Checklist to check your fitness to fly.

FATIGUE

As an Instrument pilot, you're concentration often needs to be the highest at the end of a flight, when you're most likely to be tired.

Factors that can cause fatigue :

-Noise.

- Vibration.

The only prevention and cure for fatigue is good nice sleep.

ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 

CASR, FAR specifically state that you must not fly within 8 hours of using alcohol or when blood alcohol level 0,4% or greater.

Regulations also state that anytime your ability is impaired by alcohol, you're unfit to fly.

Don't use drugs that have side effects that interfere with your ability to fly safely.

FITNESS FOR FLIGHT

Exercise and diet program will improve your mental clarity and energy level and your piloting skills will benefit.

Before flight refer to the IMSAFE Checklist.